Historical memory shapes our perceptions of the past, but how do our present circumstances shape our historical memories, and how does that affect our ideas of the past? This paper explores this question as it pertains to the concept of revolution, rebellion and uprising. It posits that both collective memory and antagonistic memory are significant driving forces in historical memory and the later labelling of past events.

This paper examines how historical memory shapes conflicts between national security and national sovereignty. It argues that memories of past events tend to intensify such conflicts, leading states to prioritise their own security even at the expense of another state’s sovereignty.

Alcohol and heroin are both addictive substances where people can experience different dependence behaviours and withdrawal symptoms. This paper highlights physical dependence through the comparison of withdrawal symptoms associated with alcohol and heroin, with a specific focus on the short-term and long-term effects of withdrawal.

Post-traumatic stress disorder splits into subtypes that behave differently in youth than in adults. To understand why, this paper will turn to the two tools that dominate research into the neural side of paediatric PTSD: electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Childhood trauma profoundly affects future development and long-term health. This review asks: does acute versus chronic trauma in children produce distinct psychological outcomes, and does chronic trauma confer a greater risk of substance use disorders?