Political foreign aid can create dependency and weaken recipient sovereignty when donor interests take precedence over local needs. This paper asks under what conditions political foreign aid produces positive outcomes and when it instead reinforces dependency or institutional weakness.

This paper compares two categories of foreign aid using OECD reporting and AidData’s record of Chinese lending, examining economic growth, association, infrastructure development and the militarisation of aid, with China and Türkiye representing the non-Western cases.

This paper is a comparative study of the U.S. and China perspectives on digital sovereignty and how it has contributed to severing political and international relations between the two nations. The discussion will focus on security, data localisation, technological advancement, rights and freedoms of citizens and global governance as depicted within the two countries.

Global climate diplomacy is commonly presented as a cooperative, science-driven enterprise, but its practice is shaped by profound structural and strategic power asymmetries. This paper discusses the compatibility between climate policies, institutions and the diplomatic actions of powerful states with the adaptive and strategic manoeuvring of less powerful states.

This article discusses the structural and systematic factors which contribute to persistent inequalities and imbalances in power among member states, focusing on the disproportionate influence that the five permanent members (P5) of the UN Security Council hold.