Geopolitical rivalries and shortcomings in supply chains have forced countries to abandon global free trade for protectionist economics that clash directly with the WTO’s non-discrimination policies. Through case studies that investigate the consequences of both under-protectionism and over-protectionism, this paper explores the legal limits of state interventions.

This paper argues that the costs of US tariffs to American consumers and businesses outweigh the benefits they provide to protected domestic industries and their workers, resulting in a small negative net effect on overall US economic welfare.

Since October 2022, the United States has restricted Chinese access to advanced semiconductors and the equipment used to produce them, extending those measures through coordination with the Netherlands and Japan. This paper asks how those controls have affected international trade and how the WTO should respond.

This paper examines the ethics of choice architecture and at what point nudges are beneficial versus when they create dark patterns that manipulate consumers. The paper examines the psychological systems of the human brain that influence consumer decision making and examines the design of choice architecture strategies.

This paper looks at the relationship between behavioural economics and digital commerce, focusing on how the environment surrounding a purchase can shape consumer decisions. It considers the ways digital platforms use what is known about consumer behaviour and what happens when those strategies become part of the design itself.