This research paper analyses how the WTO and IMF work, and often struggle, to mediate the competing interests between dumping and non-tariff barriers, and how digital trade may be the modern solution.

The last decade has revealed serious weaknesses in the World Trade Organization, especially during the United States-China trade war. This paper explores how protectionism, mainly through the use of tariffs, has challenged the WTO’s ability to act as a fair referee in world trade.

This paper examines the IMF’s 20 March 2023 Extended Fund Facility (EFF) and evaluates in depth its short- and medium-term implications for Sri Lanka’s foreign exchange reserves and debt sustainability.

​​The climate crisis disproportionately threatens developing countries, where factors such as fragile economies, dependence on agriculture and weak infrastructure increase vulnerability. This paper examines the World Bank’s role in supporting climate adaptation in three developing countries: Bangladesh, Ethiopia,and Haiti.

This research paper examines the paralysis of the World Trade Organization’s Appellate Body (AB) since 2019, caused by the United States’ blockage of new appointments. It addresses the U.S.’ rationale for blocking appointments, including concerns over judicial overreach, and the temporary arbitrations, such as the Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA).